Electronic warfare in the optical band: Main features,examples and selected measurement data

The paper presents the possibilities of, and methods for, acquiring, analysing and processing optical signals in order to recognise, identify and counteract threats on the contemporary battleground. The main ways electronic warfare is waged in the optical band of the electromagnetic wave spectrum have been formulated, including the acquisition of optical emitter signatures, as well as ultraviolet (UV) and thermal (IR) signatures. The physical parameters and values describing the emission of laser radiation are discussed, including their importance in terms of creating optical signatures. Moreover, it has been shown that in the transformation of optical signals into signatures, only their spectral and temporal parameters can be applied. This was confirmed in experimental part of the paper, which includes our own measurements of spectral and temporal emission characteristics for three types of binocular laser rangefinders. It has been further shown that through simple registration and quick analysis involving comparison of emission time parameters in the case of UV signatures in “solar-blind” band, various events can be identified quickly and faultlessly. The same is true for IR signatures, where the amplitudes of the recorded signal for several wavelengths are compared. This was confirmed experimentally for UV signatures by registering and then analyzing signals from several events during military exercises at a training ground, namely Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) launches and explosions after hitting targets, trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosions, firing armour-piercing, fin-stabilised, discarding sabots (APFSDS) or high explosive (HE) projectiles. The final section describes a proposed model database of emitters, created as a result of analysing and transforming the recorded signals into optical signatures.     

Influence of a liquid-filled compartment structure on the incoming shaped charge jet stability

Liquid-filled compartment structure consists of a bulk steel plate with matrix blind holes which are filled with liquid and a steel front plate to seal up the liquid with rings and bolts.The liquid-filled compart-ment structure can resist the shaped charge warhead effectively.This paper presents experimental and theoretical investigations of the penetration ability of the residual shaped charge jet emerging from the liquid-filled compartment structure after the penetration process at different impact angles.On the basis of shock wave propagation theory,the influence of the liquid-filled compartment structure on jet sta-bility is analysed.The interferences of the liquid backflow caused by a reflected shock wave and a back plate on jet stability under different impact angles are also examined.In addition,the range of the disturbed velocity segments of the jet at different impact angles and the penetration ability of the re-sidual jet are obtained.A theoretical model is validated against the experimental penetration depths.     

Numerical investigation on free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation

In current guidelines, the free air blast loads (overpressure and impulse) are determined by spherical charges, although most of ordnance devices are more nearly cylindrical than spherical in geometry. This may result in a great underestimation of blast loads in the near field and lead to an unsafe design. However, there is still a lack of systematic quantitative analysis of the blast loads generated from cylindrical charges. In this study, a numerical model is developed by using the hydrocode AUTODYN to investigate the influences of aspect ratio and orientation on the free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges. This is done by examining the pressure contours, the peak overpressures and impulses for various aspect ratios ranged from 1 to 8 and arbitrary orientation monitored along every azimuth angle with an interval of 5°. To characterize the distribution patterns of blast loads, three regions, i.e., the axial region, the vertex region and the radial region are identified, and the propagation of blast waves in each region is analyzed in detail. The complexity of blast loads of cylindrical charges is found to result from the bridge wave and its interaction with primary waves. Several empirical formulas are presented based on curve-fitting the numerical data, including the orientation where the maximum peak overpressure emerges, the critical scaled distance beyond which the charge shape effect could be neglected and blast loads with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation, all of which are useful for blast-resistant design.     

Mg／PTFE／添加剂红外诱饵剂的红外辐射性能研究

研究了Mg／PTFE／添加剂红外诱饵剂的压药直径和压药密度对红外辐射性能的影响。在同一种配方下,经过试验发现辐射强度同质量燃烧速度成线性关系;辐射强度随着压药密度的增加而减小,最后趋于稳定;有效辐射率随着压药密度和压药直径的改变变化不大,表明压药密度和压药直径对有效辐射率基本没有影响。     

带电粒子束自生力对束流扩散的影响

带电粒子束由于受到静电斥力作用 ,它在传输时总是扩散的。本文根据相对论的罗仑兹变换以及牛顿运动定律 ,研究了带电粒子束在其自生空间电荷力作用下通过外层空间的真空中传输时的扩散现象 ,得出了粒子束传输的扩散方程 ,提出了一种计算粒子束扩散半径的方法。然后讨论了影响粒子束传输的各种因素 ,包括粒子束类型、能量、束流、出口初始束半径以及散角等。最后从传输技术角度指出了宜选择高能小流初始半径大的电子束 ,研究结果不仅同国外研究相符合 ,而且将为研究粒子束传输技术提供科学依据。     

Satellite constellation design for forest fire monitoring via a stochastic programing approach

There is significant value in the data collected by satellites during and after a natural disaster. The current operating paradigm in practice is for satellites to passively collect data when they happen to fly over a disaster location. Conversely, this article considers the alternative approach of actively maneuvering satellites to fly directly overhead of the disaster site on a routine basis. Toward this end, we seek to compute a satellite constellation design that minimizes the expected maneuver costs for monitoring an unknown forest fire. In this article, we present a 2‐stage stochastic programing model for this problem as well as a accelerated L‐shaped decomposition approach. A comparison between our approach and the current operating paradigm indicates that our solution provides longer duration data collections and a greater number of data collections. Analysis also shows that our proposed solution is robust over a wide array of scenarios.     

空地导弹对飞机掩蔽库的毁伤效能评估

针对典型飞机掩蔽库目标,研究空地导弹对两种不同停放方式飞机的毁伤效能评估方法。首先定义了飞机的毁伤等级,其次构建了聚能侵彻战斗部对飞机掩蔽库的毁伤模型。最后通过蒙特卡罗仿真方法研究空地导弹对掩体内停放飞机的毁伤效果,并且计算了导弹的杀伤概率。仿真结果表明所建模型和采用的评估方法具有较强实用性和可操作性。     

人体静电瞬态电位测试研究

本文在评述人体静电电位测试方法的基础上,指出目前人体电位测试仪器中存在的问题,提出了一种新型测试原理,并研制成 ZPD 型静电测试仪器,用此仪器在弹药防静电危害的现场试验中,测量到人体最高静电电位可达60kv 左右.     

不同的扩散模型对再入体等离子体鞘电子密度分布的影响

本文研究不同的扩散模型对再入体等离子体鞘电子密度分布的影响。由于电子和离子的质量相差三个量级以上,电子的浓度扩散速度比离子大得多,引起正负电荷分离。由此产生的诱导电场又阻碍带电粒子的扩散运动。本文同时考虑这二种影响扩散的因素,得到了非平衡等离子体鞘带电粒子分布的数值解,并与准中性模型、双极扩散模型等其它三种近似模型进行了比较。计算表明:流场的大部份区域满足等离子体准中性假定,但在物面和激波附近存在电荷分离较明显的薄层,其厚度约为Debye屏蔽长度的量级。这种边界效应对中性粒子的分布影响甚微,但对带电粒子的分布则产生一定的影响。由此可以判断各种扩散模型的适用性。     

21世纪无人机关键技术

无人机因其独特而优异的战术性能,在近几次现代局部战争中得到了越来越广泛的应用,执行的任务也越来越多。从未来无人机的军事需求及其战术性能入手,结合技术发展趋势和发展可行性,对未来无人机发展需要的一些关键技术进行了分析研究,这些关键技术对提高未来无人机的战术性能具有重要作用。